Generally, the term assault is used to describe an attempt or threat to cause a physical attack. It can also be used to refer to a violent action that causes bodily harm, such as a mugging or robbery. The term may also be used to describe actions that are part of war, such as bombardment and storming.
In most jurisdictions, assault is a criminal offense that can be classified as either battery or menacing. However, some states make a distinction between assault and battery, with the former involving merely putting someone in reasonable apprehension of harm, and the latter requiring actual contact. In most cases, assault is considered a misdemeanor, while battery typically involves serious or substantial injury.
The intent that a person has when they commit assault is an important factor in determining their guilt or innocence. For example, self-defense is a valid defense in many assault cases. Intent can also be an issue when it comes to aggravated assault, which is generally considered a felony. Aggravated assault can include the use of a deadly weapon, or assault on a judge, peace officer, social worker, or child.
The ancient Greek concept of hubris, meaning overweening pride and arrogance, is closely related to the modern definition of assault. The ancient Greeks believed that actions that caused a loss of honor for the recipient were tantamount to assault. They would then be subject to a retribution that was proportional to the extent of the offending act.